Biography Of Emilio Aguinaldo.mp39:43来自大嘴巴英语阅读

Emilio Aguinaldo was a Filipino politician and military leader who played an important role in the Philippine Revolution. After the revolution, he served as the new country's first president. Aguinaldo later commanded forces during the Philippine-American War.

埃米利奥·阿基那多是菲律宾政治家和军事领袖，在菲律宾革命中发挥了重要作用。革命后，他担任这个新国家的第一任总统。阿基那多后来在菲美战争中指挥军队。

Philippine Revolution

菲律宾独立运动

In 1894, Andres Bonifacio himself inducted Aguinaldo into the Katipunan, a secret anti-colonial organization. The Katipunan called for the removal of Spain from the Philippines by armed force if necessary. In 1896 after the Spanish executed Jose Rizal, the voice of Filipino independence, the Katipunan started their revolution.

1894年，安德烈斯·博尼法西奥亲自将阿基那多纳入秘密反殖民组织Katipunan。卡蒂普南人要求在必要时用武力将西班牙从菲律宾驱逐出去。1896年，在西班牙处决了菲律宾独立之声若泽·里萨尔(Jose Rizal)之后，卡蒂普南人开始了革命。

While many of the Katipunan rebel bands were ill-trained and had to retreat in the face of Spanish forces, Aguinaldo's troops were able to out-fight the colonial troops even in a pitched battle. Aguinaldo's men drove the Spanish from Cavite. However, they came into conflict with Bonifacio, who had declared himself president of the Philippine Republic, and his supporters.

尽管许多卡蒂普南叛军缺乏训练，不得不在西班牙军队面前撤退，但阿基那多的军队在激战中仍能击败殖民军队。阿奎那多的人把西班牙人赶出了甲米地。然而，他们与自命菲律宾共和国总统的博尼法西奥及其支持者发生了冲突。

In March 1897, the two Katipunan factions met in Tejeros for an election. The assembly elected Aguinaldo president in a possibly fraudulent poll, much to the irritation of Bonifacio. He refused to recognize Aguinaldo's government; in response, Aguinaldo had him arrested two months later. Bonifacio and his younger brother were charged with sedition and treason and were executed on May 10, 1897, on Aguinaldo's orders.

1897年3月，两个Katipunan派系在Tejeros举行选举。议会在一次可能存在欺诈的投票中选举了阿基那多为总统，这让博尼法西奥非常恼火。他拒绝承认阿基那多的政府;作为回应，阿基那多在两个月后逮捕了他。博尼法西奥和他的弟弟被控煽动叛乱和叛国罪，并在1897年5月10日被执行死刑。

Internal dissent seems to have weakened the Cavite Katipunan movement. In June 1897, Spanish troops defeated Aguinaldo's forces and retook Cavite.

内部的异议似乎削弱了甲米地的卡蒂普南运动。1897年6月，西班牙军队击败了阿基那多的军队，重新夺回了卡维特。

Aguinaldo and his rebels came under intense pressure from the Spanish and had to negotiate a surrender later that same year. In mid-December 1897, Aguinaldo and his government ministers agreed to dissolve the rebel government and go into exile in Hong Kong. In return, they received legal amnesty and an indemnity of 800,000 Mexican dollars (the standard currency of the Spanish Empire). An additional 900,000 Mexican dollars would indemnify the revolutionaries who stayed in the Philippines; in return for surrendering their weapons, they were granted amnesty and the Spanish government promised reforms.

阿基那多和他的叛军受到西班牙的强大压力，同年晚些时候不得不谈判投降。1897年12月中旬，阿基那多和他的政府部长们同意解散叛军政府，并流亡香港。作为回报，他们得到了法律赦免和80万墨西哥元(当时西班牙帝国的标准货币)的赔偿。另外还有90万墨西哥元补偿留在菲律宾的革命者;作为交出武器的回报，他们得到了赦免，西班牙殖民政府承诺改革。

On December 23, Aguinaldo and other rebel officials arrived in British Hong Kong, where the first indemnity payment of 400,000 Mexican dollars was waiting for them. Despite the amnesty agreement, the Spanish authorities began to arrest real or suspected Katipunan supporters in the Philippines, prompting a renewal of rebel activity.

12月23日，阿吉那多和其他叛军官员抵达英属香港，他们将在那里接收第一笔40万墨西哥元的补偿款。尽管签署了大赦协议，西班牙当局仍在菲律宾逮捕卡蒂普南运动的支持者，导致叛乱活动死灰复燃。

Spanish-American War

美西战争

In the spring of 1898, events of half a world away overtook Aguinaldo and the Filipino rebels. The United States naval vessel USS Maine exploded and sank in Havana Harbor, Cuba, in February. Public outrage at Spain's supposed role in the incident, fanned by sensationalist journalism, provided the United States with a pretext to start the Spanish-American War on April 25, 1898.

1898年春天，地球另一边发生的一连串事件改变了阿基纳尔多和菲律宾叛军的命运。同年2月，美国海军军舰缅因号在古巴哈瓦那港爆炸沉没。美国公众谴责西班牙在这次事件中的行为，在喜欢搞事的新闻媒体的煽动下，美国在1898年4月25日向墨西哥宣战。

Aguinaldo sailed back to Manila with the U.S. Asian Squadron, which defeated the Spanish Pacific Squadron in the Battle of Manila Bay. By May 19, 1898, Aguinaldo was back on his home soil. On June 12, 1898, the revolutionary leader declared the Philippines independent, with himself as the unelected president. He commanded Filipino troops in the battle against the Spanish. Meanwhile, close to 11,000 American troops cleared Manila and other Spanish bases of colonial troops and officers. On December 10, Spain surrendered its remaining colonial possessions (including the Philippines) to the United States in the Treaty of Paris.

阿基那多与美国亚洲舰队一起返回马尼拉，在马尼拉湾战役中，美国亚洲舰队击败了西班牙太平洋舰队。1898年5月19日，阿奎那多回到了他的家乡。1898年6月12日，革命军宣布菲律宾独立，阿基那多宣布自己为菲律宾共和国总统。他在与西班牙的战斗中指挥菲律宾军队。与此同时，近1.1万名美国士兵清除了马尼拉和其他地方的西班牙军事基地。12月10日，根据《巴黎条约》，西班牙将其剩余的殖民地(包括菲律宾)转交给美国。

Presidency

菲律宾总统

Aguinaldo was officially inaugurated as the first president and dictator of the Philippine Republic in January 1899. However, the United States refused to recognize the new independent government. President William McKinley claimed that doing so would be at odds with the American goal of "Christianizing" the (largely Roman Catholic) people of the Philippines.

1899年1月，阿基那多正式就任菲律宾共和国第一任总统。然而，美国拒绝承认新政府。威廉·麦金利总统声称这样做与美国将菲律宾人“基督教化”的目标是相冲突的。

Indeed, although Aguinaldo and other Filipino leaders were unaware of it initially, Spain had handed over direct control of the Philippines to the United States in return for $20 million, as agreed to in the Treaty of Paris. Despite rumored promises of independence made by U.S. military officers eager for Filipino help in the war, the Philippine Republic was not to be a free state. It had simply acquired a new colonial master.

事实上，尽管阿基那多和其他菲律宾领导人一开始并不知情，西班牙还是按照巴黎条约的规定，以2000万美元的报酬，将菲律宾的直接控制权交给了美国。尽管有传言说，美国军官在战争中为了得到菲律宾革命军的帮助，曾承诺要帮助他们独立，但事实上菲律宾共和国并不是一个自由的国家。它只是换了个新的殖民主人。

Resistance to American Occupation

抗击美国的统治

Aguinaldo and the victorious Filipino revolutionaries did not see themselves as the Americans did, as half-devil or half-child. Once they realized they had been tricked and were indeed "new-caught," the people of the Philippines reacted with outrage.

美国人的想法和菲律宾人的完全不一样，他们仅把菲律宾当做新入手的战利品，当意识到自己被骗后，菲律宾人民的反应是非常愤怒的。

In February 1899, the first Philippines Commission from the United States arrived in Manila to find 15,000 American troops holding the city, facing off from trenches against 13,000 of Aguinaldo's men, who were arrayed all around Manila. By November, Aguinaldo was once again running for the mountains, his troops in disarray. However, the Filipinos continued to resist this new imperial power, turning to guerrilla war after conventional fighting failed them.

1899年2月，美国派出的第一个菲律宾委员会抵达马尼拉，发现驻扎在马尼拉的15000名美国士兵正在战壕中与分布在马尼拉周围的13000名阿基纳尔多的士兵对峙。到了11月，阿基那多被逼进了深山里，他的军队陷入了混乱。然而，菲律宾人继续抵抗新的帝国殖民者，在常规战斗不起作用时，他们转向游击战。

For two years, Aguinaldo and a shrinking band of followers evaded concerted American efforts to locate and capture the rebel leadership. On March 23, 1901, however, American special forces disguised as prisoners of war infiltrated Aguinaldo's camp at Palanan on the northeast coast of Luzon. Local scouts dressed in Philippine Army uniforms led General Frederick Funston and other Americans into Aguinaldo's headquarters, where they quickly overwhelmed the guards and seized the president.

两年来，阿基那多和他的追随者们一直在躲避着美国的追捕。然而，在1901年3月23日，美国特种部队伪装成战俘，潜入位于吕宋岛东北海岸帕拉南的阿基那多营地。身穿菲律宾军服的当地童子军带领弗雷德里克•芬斯顿(Frederick Funston)将军和美国士兵进入了阿基那多的总部，他们迅速制服了警卫，逮捕了总统阿基那多。

On April 1, 1901, Aguinaldo formally surrendered and swore allegiance to the United States. He then retired to his family farm in Cavite. His defeat marked the end of the First Philippine Republic, but not the end of the guerrilla resistance.

1901年4月1日，阿基那多正式投降并宣誓效忠美国。他退休后回到了他在甲米地的家庭农场。他的失败标志着菲律宾第一共和国的结束，但并不代表着游击抵抗的结束。

World War II

二战

Aguinaldo continued to be an outspoken advocate of independence for the Philippines. His organization, the Association of Revolutionary Veterans, worked to ensure that former rebel fighters had access to land and pensions.

阿基那多继续直言不讳地主张菲律宾独立。他的组织“革命老兵协会”(Association of Revolutionary Veterans)致力于确保老革命战士能够获得土地和养老金。

When Japan seized the Philippines during World War II, Aguinaldo cooperated with the occupation. He joined the Japanese-sponsored Council of State and made speeches urging an end to Filipino and American opposition to the Japanese. After the United States recaptured the Philippines in 1945, the septuagenarian Aguinaldo was arrested and imprisoned as a collaborator. However, he was quickly pardoned and released, and his reputation was not too severely tarnished.

二战期间，日本占领菲律宾时，阿基那多与日本合作。他加入了日本发起的伪国委会，并发表演讲，敦促菲律宾和美国结束对日本的反对。1945年美国重新占领菲律宾后，70多岁的阿吉那多作为通敌者被逮捕并监禁。然而，他很快就得到了赦免和释放，他的名声也没有受到太大的影响。

Post-War Era

二战以后

Aguinaldo was appointed to the Council of State again in 1950, this time by President Elpidio Quirino. He served one term before returning to his work on behalf of veterans.

1950年，总统埃尔皮迪奥·奎利诺任命阿基那多担任国务委员。任职了一届之后，他又回到了退伍军人的岗位上。

In 1962, President Diosdado Macapagal asserted pride in Philippine independence from the United States by making a highly symbolic gesture; he moved the celebration of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12, the date of Aguinaldo's declaration of the First Philippine Republic. Aguinaldo himself joined in the festivities, although he was 92 years old and rather frail. The following year, before his final hospitalization, he donated his home to the government as a museum.

1962年，菲律宾总统迪奥斯达多·马卡帕加尔(Diosdado Macapagal)做出了一个极具象征意义的手势，以庆祝菲律宾从美国手中独立;他把独立日的庆祝活动从7月4日移到了6月12日，也就是阿基那多宣布成立菲律宾第一共和国的日子。尽管阿基那多已经92岁高龄，身体相当虚弱，但他本人也参加了庆祝活动。第二年，在他最后一次住院之前，他把自己的房子捐给了政府作为博物馆。